1. IGPP
2. Time perception and time consciousness
3. Zeitwahrnehmung_und_Zeitbewusstsein_EN

Time perception and time consciousness

How do we perceive time? Findings on the relationship between affect and time, together with recent conceptualizations on self- and body processes have connected time perception with emotional and bodily states. Neural processes in the insular cortex, which are related to body signals, feeling states as well as to self-consciousness, are constitutive mechanisms for the creation of subjective time.

Next to fundamental research on the relationship between the experience of time with cognitive processes and affect, we study how the sense of time is modulated in altered states of consciousness such as in meditation, through flotation-REST or in drug-induced states as well as in neurological and psychiatric conditions.

 

Current external funds:

 

01/2019 - 12/2023: VIRTUALTIMES - Exploring and modifying the sense of time in virtual environments.

EU Call Horizon 2020 Topic FETPROACT-01-2018 with € 4,404,698 (Freiburg lab: € 505,000). Investigators: Kai Vogeley (Cologne), Marc Wittmann (Freiburg), Anne Giersch (Strasbourg), Marc Erich Latoschik, Jean-Luc Lugrin (Würzburg), Giulio Jacucci, Niklas Ravaja (Helsinki), Xavier Palomer, Xavier Oromi (Barcelona).

Exploring and Modifying the Sense of Time in Virtual Environments (VIRTUALTIMES)

The sense of time co-constitutes our subjective experience and embodied self-consciousness. It refers to the dimensions of passage of time (time passing by) and structure of time (serial order of events). Both can be disturbed under psychopathological conditions and give rise to a variety of psychopathological symptoms. VIRTUALTIMES will for the first time (1) provide a personalized and neuroadaptive virtual reality technology enabling the systematic variation of time experience, based on (2) the rigorous study of the sense of time in different psychopathological conditions including depression, schizophrenia and autism, and (3) neuroscientific measures that describe neural mechanisms which underlie our sense of time and validate both diagnostic differences and technological interventions. For that purpose, virtual reality scenarios and games will be developed from the starting point of the everyday scenario “waiting room”. We will systematically enrich the scenery both physically (objects) and socially (interaction partners). In the realm of time-based interventions this will allow to manipulate passage of time (varying velocity of time flow) and structure of time (varying synchronicity of events). VIRTUALTIMES (1) will provide a diagnostic tool and innovative mental health technology that works in a highly individualized, easy-access, and easy-to-use application, (2) will foster new technological developments in the field of human-computer-interaction to improve personal wellbeing and intercultural communication in a global world, and (3) will initiate a radical shift both in empirical approaches to and our understanding of the sense of time as basic constituent of human subjectivity.

 

07/2019 - 12/2021: Changes in the temporal width of the present moment after meditation.

FUNDAÇÃO Bial with €39,000.- Investigators: Marc Wittmann (Freiburg), Stefan Schmidt (Freiburg), Karin Meissner (Coburg, München)

Based on conceptually understood effects of mindfulness meditation on self-consciousness, bodily processes, and the present moment we aim at experimentally measuring changes in the temporal extension of the subjective present with the metronome paradigm and correlated psychophysiological variables during meditation experience.

 

01/2022 - 12/2024: Assessment of health-psychological stress reduction through floating tanks

Hanns Seidel Foundation scholarship for Helena Hruby, MSc. from funds of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Starting in February 2022, we present the Flotation-REST cabin, designed by floataway, our new technological device to induce altered states of consciousness, located at Prana Freiburg.



 

Selected publications:

The complete list of publications can be found here

• Costa R, Madeira A, Barata M, Wittmann M (2021). The power of dionysus – effects of red wine on consciousness: A naturalistic study in a wine bar.  PLoS ONE 16(9): e0256198
• Pfeifer E, Wittmann M (2020). Waiting, thinking, and feeling: variations in the perception of time during silence. Frontiers in Psychology Consciousness Research 11 (602).
• Müller M, Müller L, Wittmann M (2019). Predicting the stock market. An Associative Remote Viewing study. Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 19, 326–346.
• Wittmann M (2018). Altered States of Consciousness. Experiences out of Time and Self. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Jokic T, Zakay D, Wittmann M (2018). Individual differences in self-rated impulsivity modulate the estimation of time in a real waiting situation. Timing & Time Perception 6, 71–89.
• Wittmann M (2016). Felt Time. The Psychology of How We Perceive Time. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Wittmann M (2015). Modulations of the experience of self and time. Consciousness and Cognition 38, 172-181.
• Wittmann M. (2014). Embodied time: The experience of time, the body, and the self. In: Arstila V, Lloyd D (Eds.), Subjective time: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of temporality. Cambridge, MA: MIT press, 507-523.
• Wittmann M., Peter J., Gutina O., Otten S., Kohls N. & Meissner K. (2014). Individual differences in self-attributed mindfulness levels are related to the experience of time and cognitive self-control. Personality and Individual Differences 64, 41-45.
• Pollatos O., Laubrock J. & Wittmann M. (2014). Interoceptive focus shapes the experience of time. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86934.
• Jo H-G., Hinterberger T., Wittmann M., Borghardt TL. & Schmidt S. (2013). Spontaneous EEG fluctuations determine the readiness potential: Is preconscious brain activation a preparation process to move? Experimental Brain Research 231, 495-500.
• Wittmann M. (2013). The inner sense of time: how the brain creates a representation of duration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, 217-223.
• Wittmann M. (2011). Moments in time. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 5 (66).
• Meissner K. & Wittmann M. (2011). Body signals, cardiac awareness, and the perception of time. Biological Psychology 86, 289-297.
• Wittmann M., Simmons AN., Aron J. & Paulus MP. (2010). Accumulation of neural activity in the posterior insula encodes the passage of time. Neuropsychologia 48, 3110-3120.
• Wittmann M., van Wassenhove V., Craig AD. & Paulus MP. (2010). The neural substrates of subjective time dilation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4 (2).

Further information about the research of Marc Wittmann: https://sites.google.com/site/webmarcwittmann